DIY：3D打印在校园

铁锹 3D打印店铺

  web3D纳金网www.narkii.comMaking Stuff: 3D Printing on Campusweb3D纳金网www.narkii.com
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
MakerBot's Cupcake at the University of Portlandweb3D纳金网www.narkii.com
Debbie Schenberger and George Meadows work as faculty members across the country from each other, Schenberger in Portland, OR and Meadows in Fredericksburg, VA. Their disciplines are quite different. Schenberger is an assistant professor in mechanical engineering at theUniversity of Portland; Meadows is an associate professor in curriculum and ins***ction, teaching pre-service science teachers, at the University of Mary Washington. But they have something in common: They're both enamored of their MakerBot Industries 3D printers for what the devices can do in helping educate students.How a 3D Printer WorksMakerBot is a Brooklyn-based company that was started in 2009 by a team of three, one a former art teacher, who had the goal of creating an open source 3D printer that was so affordable and easy, it could be used by practically anybody with technical skills proficient enough to assemble it. The first two models, the Cupcake and the Thing-O-Matic, were sold as build-it-yourself kits. (More proficient users could just download the plans from MakerBot and concoct their own printers.) The latest model, named the Replicator, is priced at $1,749, and comes already built. There's currently an eight-week lead time on orders.The MakerBot box creates small objects of almost any design out of a "string" of plastic that gets fed into an ex***der. That composition can be one of three kinds: ABS, which is what Legos are made of; PLA, a corn-based biodegradable material; and water-soluble PVA. Based on the design programmed into the machine from a computer or via an SD card, the printer heats up the filament fed into it and oozes out a single layer at a time onto a small dancing platform, following the 3D design, layer upon layer, until the object is created.
The Maker CultureEncouraged to enter by a friend, Schenberger won her Cupcake in a competition specifically for educators. It arrived in spring 2011, she recalls, "as a huge crate of parts. That was a little disheartening. I thought it came assembled, so I was surprised." She set a student to putting it together and began making some preliminary parts on it.Meadows, on the other hand, is immersed in the "maker" culture, which emphasizes do-it-yourself or DIY projects. While he doesn't recall where he first heard of the MakerBot, he was enchanted by the idea of having a desktop-sized machine that would allow the user to design and build objects as they were needed -- even if he needed to build it himself. He shared his thinking with his dean, who agreed to fund the "relatively inexpensive" purchase of a Thing-O-Matic, which arrived last fall. Meadows spent "several Saturdays" putting it together. "If I were better at soldering and I knew more about electronic components, it would have been faster," he declares.He hauled the printer to campus and shared it with his colleague Tim Owens, an ins***ctional technology specialist at U Mary Washington'sDivision of Teaching and Learning Technologies. After playing around with it, he says, they decided, "We gotta get another one.'" The second one, he notes, "went together much faster." Owens was inspired enough to start a blog about 3D printing to share university experiences.The first print-out they did were calibration cubes, which, like setting the resolution on 2D printers, allows the user to tweak printer settings. Then they began downloading digital design plans from Thingiverse, a MakerBot website where people share plans and tool ideas and collaborate on ideas. For example, company co-founder Bre Pettis appeared on a June 2011 episode of The Colbert Report, where host Stephen Colbert had his face scanned by a 3D scanner and a model of his head composed by the printer. That plan went into the Thingiverse repository, where other users tweaked it and turned the original design into plans for a Colbert-inspired chocolate mold, mug, cookie cutter, cufflinks, and dinosaur head (the "ColberT-rex").
In the case of U Mary Washington, the first plan allowed Meadows and Owens to make an octopus. Says Meadows, "It's like catalog shopping. You go to Thingiverse and pick the thing you want. But instead of ordering it and waiting for it to arrive by mail, you print it."Since then, they've been using Google SketchUp, a free service that's "easy to learn," Meadows says, to do 3D modeling.But it's not the ability to replicate the inventory of a dollar store that has Meadows so intrigued. He's more interested in the impact the MakerBot printer could have in elementary science education.He'll be teaching a course in the fall, "Elementary Science Methods," to pre-service teachers. As part of that he'll be introducing them to the inclusion of engineering in their science lessons. As a result of theNational Research Council developing a national framework for K-12 science standards, he says, "One of the things that's happening in science education is that there's a big emphasis on including engineering in science classes."3D printing fits well, Meadows explains, in a scenario where the student is "designing something, testing it, learning, recording information, going back and redesigning. It's really a great way to do problem solving."Children are "helped," he adds, "by something they can get their hands on. It helps them visualize something." So, for example, he's considering one lesson building activity for his pre-service students, in which they design a boat that would be good for skimming oil off a water surface, like a polluted lake or stream. "They can design that in Google SketchUp and print it out, and we can test it."Is it realistic to think that K-12 schools would be able to afford a MakerBot printer so that the lesson and others like it could be replicated by those new teachers in their classrooms? "I think that is not too far in the future," Meadows predicts. "The fully assembled Replicator is under $2,000, and that's with two-color capability. It's a good chunk of money, but a lot of schools have been able to get grants or PTA support to buy interactive whiteboards, which are pretty close to that [in price]."Engineering Body Partsweb3D纳金网www.narkii.com

At U Portland, Schenberger and a couple of mechanical engineering student assistants have been tweaking the printer to optimize it for performance. "You can control everything -- the temperature of the melt, the temperature of the platform that it builds upon, the feed rate in all the three directions, the thickness of the layers, how much density you have for the core material on the inside," she says. "We could leave it the way it was. It produced parts the very first time we turned it on. But we can make it better. And since we're a bunch of engineers, we're going to."For the last three years Schenberger has been revitalizing a course in automated manufacturing. As part of that effort, she's been acquiring machines such as endmills and a 3D laser scanner. The use of the Cupcake printer is "one more piece in my puzzle," she says."It's invaluable for the students to be exposed to these modern manufacturing processes," she adds. "You can scan in complex surface geometry, convert that to a CAD model, print it on a 3D printer, then you can go and machine it out of steel when you're satisfied with what you want it to be."This semester a pilot of that class has been testing out the equipment to enable her to***n a lab-based course with a larger group in the fall.One of her plans is to use the Cupcake to make components for a robot that a student robotics team will be using to compete in the annual NASA-sponsored "Lunabotics Mining Competition."Another plan is to apply the Cupcake to creating plastic body parts as part of Schenberger's research into spinal fusion. "We plan to make individual vertebrae on the [printer] and connect it with a foam***bber-type material. Then I actually perform 'surgery' on these plastic spines to put in the pedicle screws and spinal rods and simulate fusion with bone cement," she says. "I don't really care what the spine is made out of. I just need something that is the right shape and is strong enough to hold the screws."The Cupcake, she says, "looks like a toy, but it actually produces really nice parts. I'm quite impressed."Getting Back to Building ThingsA number of other faculty members both at U Portland and U Mary Washington are also impressed.web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

Says Schenberger, a couple of professors in organic chemistry at her institution are "just fascinated" with the MakerBot printer. They want to use it to create molecules and organic compounds to show students what they look like. "So I plan to work with them to make some cool models."Meadows' fellow faculty members have also come up with their own applications for the university's Thing-O-Matics. A person who does math education wants to have his pre-service students create math manipulatives, "physical objects that help children learn math concepts that are a little bit abstract," he explains. People involved in historic preservation are interested in scanning in and printing artifacts and coins, as copies of objects they may not want to pass around to a class. A professor in the art department who teaches sculpture plans to obtain her own MakerBot device.The fascination ins***ctors have with the MakerBot recalls an era when humans did more for themselves, muses Meadows. "Like we used to do with our cars. You'd go in and take things apart and fix things. With computerization it's difficult to do that. Now we're getting back to the idea of making something, building something, testing it, fiddling around with it, and rebuilding it. It goes back to that hands-on DIY ethic."As that unfolds in multiple ways on campus, he adds, "I'm really hoping to see a Replicator here soon." web3D纳金网www.narkii.com



中文翻译： web3D纳金网www.narkii.com



黛比Schenberger和乔治·梅多斯工作在全国范围内对方，Schenberger在波特兰，或在弗吉尼亚州弗雷德里克斯堡，草甸为教员。他们的学科有很大的不同。schenberger是波特兰大学机械工程助理教授;草甸是在课程与教学的副教授，任教于售前服务的科学教师，玛丽华盛顿大学。但他们有一个共同点：他们都迷恋MakerBot工业三维打印机的设备可以帮助教育学生做什么。web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

三维打印机是如何工作的web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

MakerBot是一个布鲁克林的公司，于2009年开始由一队三，一是前的美术老师，有目标，创造一个开源的3d打印机，是如此的实惠和容易，它可用于几乎任何与精通足以组装技术技能。前两个模型，蛋糕的事-O-MATIC，共售出建立自己动手包。（更熟练的用户可以只从MakerBot下载计划，并编造自己的打印机。）最新的模型，命名为复制，售价1,749美元，涉及已建成。目前有订单的八个星期的准备时间。web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

MakerBot框创建几乎任何设计的小物件的塑料进入挤出机送入一个“字符串”。该成分可以是三种：ABS的，这是什么积木是由解放军，以玉米为主的生物降解材料和水溶性聚乙烯醇。编程机器从一台计算机或通过SD卡设计的基础上，打印机加热把它喂丝和渗出了在一个小型的舞蹈平台上的单层，3D设计，层层叠叠，直到对象被创建。web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
造物主文化web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
鼓励进入的一个朋友，，Schenberger在专门为教育工作者的竞争赢得了她的蛋糕。它在2011年春天，她回忆说，“作为一个巨大的箱子部分。抵达，这是有点令人沮丧。我想它来组装，所以我很惊讶。” 她一起把它设置学生，并开始做一些初步的部分。web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
草甸，另一方面，沉浸在“制造商”的文化，它强调自己动手做DIY项目。虽然他不记得他第一次听到的MakerBot，他被迷住了，有一个桌面大小的机器，将允许用户设计和建造，因为他们需要的对象的想法 - 即使他需要建立自己。他分享他的思想与他的院长，他同意资助的“相对便宜”购买一件事 - O-MATIC，去年秋天抵达。草甸花“几个星期六”，把它一起。“如果我是在焊接好，我知道更多有关电子元件，它本来更快，”他宣称。web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
他拽出校园打印机和共享教学和学习技术司和他的同事蒂姆·欧文斯，在U玛丽华盛顿的教学技术专家。他说，玩了之后，他们决定，“我们要取得一个又一个。”第二个，他指出，“一起去得更快。” 欧文斯是足够的启发开始对3D印刷博客分享大学经验。web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

他们的第一次打印出校准立方体，其中，像2D打印机的分辨率设置，允许用户调整打印机设置。然后，他们开始从数字化设计计划Thingiverse人民共享计划和工具的想法和协作上的想法，MakerBot网站下载。web3D纳金网www.narkii.com例如，公司创始人BRE佩蒂斯出现在2011年6月， 情节科尔伯特报告“，主持人斯蒂芬·科尔伯特脸上扫描三维扫描仪和打印机组成他的头部模型。该计划去到Thingiverse库，其他用户调整它，科尔伯特的启发巧克力模具，杯子，俗套，袖扣，和恐龙头（“科尔伯特霸王龙”）的计划变成了原来的设计。
第一个计划中的U玛丽华盛顿的情况下，草甸和欧文斯章鱼。说草甸“，它就像目录购物，你去Thingiverse，并挑选你想要的东西，而是订购和等待它到达的邮件，打印。”

从那时起，他们一直在使用谷歌SketchUp，一个免费的服务学习的“易”，梅多斯说，做3D建模。web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

但它不是一元店的库存，所以感兴趣的草甸，有复制能力。他是MakerBot打印机可以在小学科学教育的影响更感兴趣。web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

他将在今年秋季教学课程，“小学科学方法，”在职教师。由于他会向他们介绍工程列入在科学课的一部分。作为国家研究理事会制定一个国家的K-12科学标准框架的结果，他说，“这是在科学教育中发生的事情之一是，有一个大的重点工程包括在理科班。”

三维打印技术非常适合，草甸解释，在这样一种情况：学生“设计的东西，测试，学习，记录信息，回去和重新设计，这的确是一个伟大的方式来解决问题。”web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

孩子们“的帮助下，”他补充说，“他们可以得到他们的手，帮助他们想象的东西。” 因此，例如，他正在考虑为他服务的学生一节课的建筑活动，他们在设计船飞掠水面像断油污染的湖泊或溪流，那将是很好的。“他们可以设计在Google SketchUp中，并把它打印出来，我们可以测试它。”web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

认为K-12学校将能够买得起MakerBot打印机，可以通过复制这些新教师在教室里，这样的教训和其他类似的，是现实吗？“我认为这不是在未来太远，”草原预测。“在完全组装复制2000美元以下，这两种颜色的能力的。这1钱好大块，但很多学校都能够以获得赠款或家长支持购买交互式白板，这是非常接近该[在价格上。“web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
工程车身零件web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

波特兰，在U Schenberger和机械工程专业的学生助理夫妇已经调整印表机的性能优化。“你可以控制一切 - 熔体温度，它是建立在该平台的温度，在所有三个方向的进给率，层的厚度，密度多少你为核心材料内，“她说。“我们可以离开它的方式，这是它的第一次，我们把它生产的零部件，但我们可以做的更好。因为我们是一群工程师，我们要。”web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
已为过去三年Schenberger振兴在自动化生产过程。作为这一努力的一部分，她的被收购，如立铣刀和三维激光扫描仪的机器。蛋糕打印机使用的是“我的拼图中的一块，”她说。
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
“这是非常宝贵的学生将被暴露在这些现代的制造工艺，”她补充道。“你可以在复杂的表面几何扫描，转换，CAD模型，三维打印机上打印，然后你可以去和钢机，当你满意，你希望它是什么。”web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

这学期该类的飞行员已被测试设备，使她能够运行在秋季大组的实验室为基础的课程。
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
她的计划之一是使用的蛋糕，使机器人的组成部分，学生机器人团队将使用美国宇航局赞助的年度竞争“Lunabotics矿业比赛。”web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

另一项计划是创造Schenberger到脊柱融合术的研究的一部分塑料车身零件的蛋糕。“我们计划在[打印机]个人椎骨和连接用泡沫型橡胶材料。然后我实际执行这些塑料棘”手术“，将在椎弓根螺钉和脊柱棒和模拟骨水泥的融合， “她说。“我真的不关心什么脊椎是做出来的，我只是需要的东西是正确的形状和强大到足以容纳螺丝。”web3D纳金网www.narkii.com

蛋糕，她说，“看起来像一个玩具，但它实际上产生了非常好的部件。我相当深刻的印象。”
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
回到建设东西web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
波特兰在U和U玛丽华盛顿的其他教职员工也留下深刻印象。
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
Schenberger说，在有机化学教授夫妇在她的机构是“着迷”MakerBot打印机。他们希望用它来建立分子和有机物，向学生展示他们的样子。“所以，我打算与他们一起做一些很酷的车型。”
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
草地的资深教师成员也纷纷前来与大学的事O型Matics自己的应用程序。一个数学教育的人希望有他的售前售后服务学生建立数学教具“，帮助孩子学习，是有点抽象的数学概念的物理对象，”他说。参与古迹保存的人有兴趣在扫描和印刷文物和硬币，作为对象的副本，他们可能不希望通过围绕一类。艺术系的教授，教雕塑计​​划，以获得自己MakerBot设备。
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
迷恋教官与的MakerBot回顾一个时代，当人类没有为自己，沉吟草甸。“像我们做我们的车。你去把东西都拆了，解决的事情。有了电脑，它很难做到这一点，现在我们回到制作的东西的想法，建设东西，测试，摆弄与它周围，并重建它。追溯到动手DIY概念。“
web3D纳金网www.narkii.com
多种方式在校园内展开，他补充说，“我真的希望能尽快看到这里复制。”web3D纳金网www.narkii.com